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Copyright © 1997 IEEE -- All rights reserved
 
1. The net effect: a detailed impact analysis of a three level classification system on the electrical industry
- Bishop, D.N.; Kuczka, J.H.; Rowe, V.G.

This Paper Appears in :
Petroleum and Chemical Industry Conference, 1994. Record of Conference Papers., Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Incorporated Industry Applications Society 41st Annual on Pages: 45 - 52

This Conference was Held : 12-14 Sept. 1994                     ISBN: 0-7803-1987-7

IEEE Catalog Number: 94CH3451-2
Total Pages: 317
References Cited: 17
Accession Number: 4834252

Abstract:

     In 1987, a number of Western Canadian users and consultants began to develop a real awareness of the international (IEC) system for classified locations. Since that time, this group of Canadians has spent significant time researching the IEC system. They have developed and implemented a plan to make the necessary changes to the Canadian electrical installation codes and standards to allow Canadian users access to IEC technology. The authors' approach to this paper was to assume that both the North American and the IEC systems for classified locations have been proven to be safe. The paper disregards the unsubstantiated claims and counterclaims made by those on both sides of the issue. Clearly, there are differences between the two systems, and this paper explores these differences. The paper attempts to emphasize the differences between the two systems to allow readers to draw their own conclusions as to which system is best for their applications. A comparison is made between a typical North American installation and a typical IEC installation to illustrate the impact of change to a three-division system.<>

Subject Terms:

     safety; standards; electricity supply industry; health hazards; three level classification system; electrical industry; impact analysis; net effect; Canada; IEC; standards; classified locations; safety; hazardous locations


2. North American hazardous locations: the future
    - Cole, M.; Kuczka, J.H.; Rowe, V.G.

    This Paper Appears in :
    Petroleum and Chemical Industry Conference, 1996, Record of Conference Papers. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Incorporated Industry Applications Society 43rd Annual on Pages: 1 - 9

This Conference was Held : 23-25 Sept. 1996                     ISBN: 0-7803-3587-2

IEEE Catalog Number: 96CH35988
Total Pages: 313
References Cited: 15
Accession Number: 5533064

Abstract:

     The approach to the classification of hazardous locations, and the design and installation of electrical equipment used in these locations, is quite different in North America to that of a number of other developed nations. For a variety of reasons, many equipment users in the United States and Canada desire to have the ability to choose between the existing Class, and Division rated equipment, and wiring methods and/or the international rated equipment and wiring methods, in their facilities. The addition of Article 505 to the 1996 National Electrical Code (NEC), and similar changes in process to the Canadian Electrical Code (CEC) to introduce the International Electrotechnical Commission's (IEC) system of area classification is the result of years of effort. Given the dissimilarity between Canada and the United States' electrical codes and standards writing processes, and the attitude of each group concerning the integration of the new system, there will be differences between the two countries for some period of time. The authors review the differences in the processes, provide a comparison of the systems and conclude with a look to the future after the full impact of the new system in each code is realized.

Subject Terms:

     safety; hazardous locations classification; North America; electrical equipment design; electrical equipment installation; USA; Canada; Article 505; National Electrical Code; Canadian Electrical Code; International Electrotechnical Commission; electrical codes; standards writing processes


3. How products will be adapted to the dual hazardous area classification system
- Babiarz, P.S.; Liggett, D.P.; Wellman, C.M.

This Paper Appears in :
Petroleum and Chemical Industry Conference, 1996, Record of Conference Papers. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Incorporated Industry Applications Society 43rd Annual on Pages: 11 - 18

This Conference was Held : 23-25 Sept. 1996                    ISBN: 0-7803-3587-2

IEEE Catalog Number: 96CH35988
Total Pages: 313
References Cited: 15
Accession Number: 5533065

Abstract:

     Article 505 of the 1996 National Electrical Code contains provisions for a hazardous area classification system commonly known as the Zone 0 concept. This change in the NEC will allow two separate and independent approaches for using electrical equipment in classified areas. Manufacturers will develop new and modify existing products to meet the standards for both systems. Users must decide if the benefits outweigh the costs of changing not only to the new products but also to new wiring methods.

Subject Terms:

     safety; dual hazardous area classification system; Article 505; 1996 National Electrical Code; Zone 0 concept;
     electrical equipment; standards; wiring methods


4. A comparative review of NEC versus IEC concepts and practices
    - Alexander, R.B.; Kuczka, J.H.; Spiekermann, J.

    This Paper Appears in :
    Petroleum and Chemical Industry Conference, 1997. Record of Conference Papers. The Institute of Electrical and
    Electronics Engineers Incorporated Industry Applications Society 44th Annual on Pages: 49 - 58

    This Conference was Held : 15-17 Sept. 1997                     ISBN: 0-7803-4217-8

    IEEE Catalog Number: 97CH36128
    Total Pages: 345
    References Cited: 5
    Accession Number: 5698655

    Abstract:

     New Article 505 of the 1996 National Electrical Code/spl copy/[NEC] introduces a concept of zone electrical area classification similar to that of the International Electrotechnical Commission's [IEC] Standard 79-10 [79-10]. This tutorial paper comparatively reviews the most common electrical installation concepts and practices in classified locations as defined by NEC Divisions and IEC Zones. In addition, it makes a comparative review of sections in Articles 500 and 501 to show that the concepts of zone classified installations were already recognized in earlier editions of the NEC for locations classified by division.

Subject Terms:

     standards; 1996 National Electrical Code Article 505; zone electrical area classification; IEC Standard 79-10; International Electrotechnical Commission; electrical installation; classified locations; NEC Article 500; NEC Articles 501; electrical equipment protection; safety; wiring methods; inspection; labeling


5. New area classification guidelines
    - Bishop, D.N.; Jagger, D.M.; Propst, J.E.

    This Paper Appears in :
    Petroleum and Chemical Industry Conference, 1998. Record of Conference Papers., Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Incorporated Industry Applications Society 45th Annual on Pages: 9 - 19


 6. The outlook for global unity for hazardous area equipment

7. Cable or conduit-who uses it and why?
        - Babiarz, P.S.; Bradley Delans, W.; Hughes, R.

This Paper Appears in :
Petroleum and Chemical Industry Conference, 1997. Record of Conference Papers. The Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers Incorporated Industry Applications Society 44th Annual on Pages: 129 - 137

This Conference was Held : 15-17 Sept. 1997    ISBN: 0-7803-4217-8

IEEE Catalog Number: 97CH36128
Total Pages: 345
References Cited: 0
Accession Number: 5698663

Abstract:
    This paper is a summary of results from a professional survey of people employed in the electrical industry. The purpose is to determine future trends in wiring methods, particularly the use of cabling versus conduit, with special attention to hazardous areas. Trade papers have done a credible and complete job in comparing the economic and technical advantages of installing one wiring system over the other. This paper instead explores why the US market has not rapidly embraced cable tray, particularly in hazardous areas, and the difference in attitude between the US and Canadian markets. Four distinct groups were surveyed: PCIC members from the United States and Canada and nonPCIC members in the processing industry in the US and Canada and the issues addressed are described.

8.  ANSI and NEMA or IEC - A project decision

PCIC-99-1 - "The First Major Zone Classified Oil and Gas Facility in North America".  Authors: J. Kuczka, Killark Electric Mfg. Co.; H Bockle, Killark-Stahl Inc.; W.E. McBride, Arco Alaska.

PCIC-99-7 - "The Impact of the IEC Ex SCHEME on the Global Availability of Explosion Protected Apparatus".  Authors: M. Brenon, Laboratoire Central des Industries Electriques (LCIE); P. Kelly, K. McManama, Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (UL);  Dr.-Ing. U. Klausmeyer, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB); W. Shao, P. Smith, Canadian Standards Association (CSA).

PCIC-99-8 - "Integrating Global Electrical Design Practices in Hazardous Location - A Philosophy Change".  Authors: M. Cole, Hubbell Canada; J. McQuaker, Candor Engineering.

PCIC-99-9 - "Cold Weather Effects on Hazardous Electrical Installations".  Authors: G. Howell, Cooper Industries Inc.; V. G. Rowe, Ramco Electrical Consulting; W.E. McBride, Arco Alaska.

PCIC-99-24 - "Installation Techniques & Practices of IEC Hazardous Area Equipment". The Nuts & Bolts of a Good Installation'"  Authors: Gerhard Schwarz, CEAG Sicherheitstechnic; Ron Carlson, Saudi Aramco; Paul Babiarz, Cooper Industries; Tom Pearson, ARCO.

PCIC-00-1 -  "Conversion from Division to Zone Electrical Classification - Why and How the World's Largest Oil Company Made the Change". Authors: Ron Carlson, Pat Flanders and Bill Roussel of Saudi Aramco.

Abstract - The introduction in the late 1990’s of the Zone electrical area classification concept into North American standards provided the catalyst for a major international oil Company based in Saudi Arabia to convert from the "Division" to the "Zone" method of area classification.

The Company initially relied on North American standards to purchase materials but, over the years, sourcing of materials, and design and construction services gradually shifted away from North America. This required the Company to restructure their standards and accept materials and installation practices from all over the world. Today, the Company standards accept materials and installation techniques from a variety of international sources.

The Zone classification system was considered to provide the maximum flexibility and safety in hazardous locations. Therefore, it was considered preferable over the Division system from a cost, safety, maintenance and reliability viewpoint. In late 1999, the Company decided to convert from a Division to Zone Classification system.

This paper discussed details of why and how the Company made the change and the impact of the migration on electrical and instrumentation installations within the Company.

PCIC-2001-6 - INSTALLATION OF ZONE EQUIPMENT IN THE US - INITIAL EXPERIENCES
Author: Robert Seitz, Artech Engineering
Abstract - The Zone method of area classification of hazardous locations is now allowed in the US, and thus the adoption of the methods of protection employed under IEC are now permitted by application of NEC Article 505. Although the Zone products have been available in Europe and elsewhere in the world, their level of availability and methods of application in the US have provided a unique experience adapting the available products to NEC allowed wiring methods. Completion of the first Zone project in the US provides the first opportunity to see if this is method should be further developed and supported. A description of problems encountered during design and installation, methods used to solve the problems and the end result are presented here. An evaluation of the end result, compared with traditional Division installation and presentation of the areas of change that are yet required to make the Zone method of classification and protection truly viable, are also provided.

PCIC-2001-30 - THE GLOBAL PROGRESS TOWARDS ONE STANDARD, ONE PRODUCT, ONE MARK FOR
EXPLOSION PROTECTED APPARATUS - THE IECEx SCHEME
Authors: Paul Kelly Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (USA)
Michel Brenon Laboratorie Central des Industries Electriques (France)
Eric Giusti Laboratorie Central des Industries Electriques (France)
Giovanni Hummel UL do Brasil Ltda. (Brazil)
Dr.-Ing. Uwe Klausmeyer Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (Germany)
Kerry McManama Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (USA)
Abram Pogorelsky Testing Certification Center of Explosion Protected
Electrical Equipment (Ukraine)
William Shao CSA International (Canada)
Michael Slowinske Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (USA)
Peter Smith CSA International (Canada)

Abstract - This paper is an update to the 1999 IEEE/PCIC paper titled "The Impact of the IECEx Scheme on the Global Availability of Explosion Protected Apparatus" (Paper No. PCIC-99-07), and will further address the advantages and possible concerns regarding the IECEx Scheme from the perspective of six international Hazardous Locations (HazLoc) testing and certification organizations from Brazil, Canada, France, Germany, Ukraine and USA.

The IECEx Scheme is an international certification scheme intended to facilitate global trade in electrical equipment for use in hazardous locations. Such hazardous locations are also commonly referred to as explosive atmospheres, with the equipment for use in such locations, or atmospheres, commonly referred to as HazLoc equipment or Ex equipment. The scheme provides a structured system to achieve global acceptance for explosion-protected equipment designed for hazardous locations. Scheme members declare that they will abolish national differences for product requirements in their countries during the coming years. This international scheme will greatly impact the free trade of explosion-protected apparatus needed for the petrochemical and chemical industry if the scheme members recognize and accept harmonized worldwide International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards. The goal is to develop and maintain uniform product evaluations to protect users against products that are not compliant with the required level of safety. Markets for trade in explosion-protected apparatus are growing as a result of global market integration and industry mergers across national and regional boundaries. The abolition of differences of the relevant national standards is especially important for products used in hazardous locations.
Furthermore, relationships between conformity-assessment bodies, such as testing agencies, can help accelerate the merging of markets. This is the reason to establish a global scheme of accredited certification bodies and testing laboratories. Subsequently, the benefit of harmonized IEC standards will be realized, making it easy to find a product in the global market that users can trust.

c) PCIC-2002-3 - BRAZIL MOVES FROM DIVISIONS TO ZONES
Author: Estellito Rangel, Jr. Petrobras

Abstract - After decades of using the National Electrical CodeŇ (NEC) and North American standards to classify hazardous locations according to the National Electrical CodeŇ (NEC), Brazil is now starting to use the International Electrotechnical Comission (IEC) standards.  Because of these revised directives, the electrical installations and designers of Oil and Gas Industry plants have faced the challenge to harmonize the electrical installations between the NEC and IEC requirements.  Considering that the Brazilian Oil and Gas Sector is expected to invest approximately US$ 100 billion in the next ten years [1], this change will cause a huge impact. Although this paper is mainly focused on the Brazilian market, it will discuss very similar difficulties found by other countries in the same process of changing to IEC [2].  As Brazilian regulations also require
compulsory National conformity certification for electrical and electronic equipment used in hazardous locations, these aspects and installation details will be also discussed.

PCIC-2002-18 -  LIGHTING AND CONTROL "ADVANCEMENTS" FOR HAZARDOUS (CLASSIFIED) AREAS IN
INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES
Authors: George Brady, Syncrude Canada Ltd.; Mark Throckmorton, Syncrude Canada Ltd.; Michael Walton,ROI Lighting; Marty Cole, Killark, Stahl

Abstract - Large Industrial facilities are emerging from a traditional lighting concept to advanced lighting technologies within the Petrochemical and Oil Sands Industry. These advancements have allowed facilities to take advantage of cost effective and more uniformed lighting installations. This paper discusses several methods that are being implemented in large Oil Sands plants in northern Canada. Plant re-lamping programs with new microprocessor control. Illumination of large process plants by high mast lighting, Low profile flood luminaries in conjunction with 3-D modelling will be discussed. In parallel to these initiatives new induction lamp technology is being used to retrofit existing lighting where high vibration issues are a concern. A lighting management program of re-lamping was initiated to decrease energy consumption and increase cost effective maintenance. The evolutions to advanced lighting methods for industrial facilities are the main topics of the paper.

PCIC-2002-22 - SWITCHRACKS IN HAZARDOUS LOCATIONS
Authors:
Donald Dunn, Equistar Chemicals; John Gardner, EGS/Appleton Electric; Frank Ivester, Constant Power; Richard Mendler, Phillips Petroleum; Michael Toney. Equistar Chemicals

Abstract - Switchracks, for hazardous locations, offer many advantages over site built equipment by reducing labor to install and reducing manpower requirements to design, estimate and track construction. Furthermore, factory built switchracks provide a single source for design, drawings, construction and third party certifications. Switchracks fit many applications where motor control centers are not suitable, too expensive or the locations are too remote and/or congested for other power distribution techniques. The paper will present minimum requirements for switchrack design as well as field experience on the installation and start up, maintenance and additions to switchracks in hazardous locations and safety considerations.

These full articles can be obtained through IEEE Copyright © 1997 IEEE -- All rights reserved

Technical Papers from AIChE

AIChE's 34th Annual Loss Prevention Symposium (5 - 9 March 2000 - Atlanta, GA) presented a technical session on Electrical Equipment Design for Application in Hazardous Areas with the following five papers:

- Discussion of recent developments on electrical classification - Richard Schwab, Process Safety and Loss Prevention
- The Three-Zone Classification System and the NEC - John A. LeBlanc, William G. Lawrence, Factory Mutual Research
- Standards for testing, listing and design applications - Mr. Mark C. Ode, UL Regulatory Services
- NEC Group Classification of Mixtures - Mr. Edward M. Briesch, UL Hazardous Locations
- Cable and Cabling Systems in Hazardous Locations - Richard J. Buschart, PC & E Inc

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